The ‘Simultaneous’ Triangle of Dzogchen
(zie de Nederlandse tekst)
by Philip Renard
Within Tibetan Buddhism, Dzogchen occupies a position
that you can call ‘the highest’. Literally it means ‘Great (chen)
Completeness (dzog)’. Dzog also means ‘completion’, ‘perfection’,
‘finishing’. In other words: ‘you will come to your end’. You cannot go further
or higher.
For
me, Dzogchen, as it reached me since the mid-1980s mainly thanks to Namkhai
Norbu, is one of the clearest expressions of reality. Over the years, many
details of this teaching have crystallized in me, especially through the words
of Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche. So much so that I dare say that his form of teaching,
based on the radical words of the great fourteenth-century teacher Longchenpa,
has in recent years been the most important inspiration for what I myself pass
on to others.
Tulku
Urgyen uses what I call a ‘stamp’ style in his speech. By that I mean he
basically says the same thing over and over. The stamp remains the same stamp,
and it always lands identically, at exactly the same spot. I often think of the
well-known story about the drop of water that keeps falling on a stone, at
exactly the same place. The story goes that the stone actually gets pierced, no
matter how hard it is. So by simply continuing to stamp, the opening is
provided.
What
is it that Tulku Urgyen keeps saying over and over?
His
emphasis is as follows. It’s all about recognizing: recognizing your
true nature and learning to become stabilized in the recognition. For most
people a one-time recognition is not enough – the chain of karmic tendencies
can repeatedly obscure the view. Hence Tulku Urgyen says:
“In this entire world, there is nothing superior to
or more precious than knowing how to break this chain.” [1]
Yes, how do you get a true insight into this, how
do you break this chain? First of all, whatever your current situation
or state of mind is, recognize what your essential, original nature is, in
the midst of your current situation. At the moment of actual recognition
there is an opening, an interruption. No more trains of thought, no story in
which you are lured to the next fascinating detail. Here is the most profound
invitation: leave your story for now, and look, allow this opening to
sink in. You will then easily see that this is ‘no-thing’. Tulku Urgyen
repeatedly says about this: “Seeing no thing is the supreme sight.” [2]
You can also immediately see that this is indeed ‘yourself’. For you can
immediately recognize that this no-thing is seen, that is, there is a continuous
knowing principle – even though it is not an entity. It is precisely the
combination of these two factors, seeing and no-thing, that causes neither of
them to get the upper hand, one to nihilism, the other to taking a position,
that is, identification with a subtle Something or Someone. The Advaitic
statement ‘I am Brahman’ is here replaced by ‘I realize that my essential
nature is No-thing – naked Knowing.’
In
Dzogchen, our essential nature is described as consisting of the following three
aspects:
1. empty,
conceptless essence
2. clear, cognizing
nature
3. unconfined,
unobstructed expression
There are many triads in Tibetan Buddhism, but
these three aspects make up the golden triad for me: unconfined empty
cognizance. Everything is contained in this. Because I was so deeply moved by
the simplicity of this trio, I started making drawings of it over the years,
whereby the trio became a triangle. It is an equilateral or ‘simultaneous’
[3] triangle. The equilateral (and simultaneous) feels justifiable
because all three aspects are ultimately equally important, even though
the trio contains a hierarchical element. The point in it is mainly that it is
about full inclusiveness. I would like to elucidate the three aspects just
mentioned here a little bit.
1.
First of all, the ‘essence’ (in Tibetan ngo-bo).
The essence is just the essence, so you can’t say ‘the essence of the essence’
afterwards. No. It stops. That is exactly the function of this kind of
language. The essence is immediately named as Emptiness (stong-pa
nyid). Emptiness knocks all knowledge out of your hands, everything is
taken away from you. So IT S T O P S – and that is the blessing. No-mind,
No-thing and Emptiness mean the same thing to me. All emphasis here is on the termination
of all concepts, of all mental and emotional structures, no matter how noble.
In this respect even ‘love’ is a concept, and thus follows hierarchically only
as one of the examples of the third aspect, being the expression of the
essence.
2.
This essence is inseparable from the cognizing
principle, which is also referred to as Clarity (in Tibetan gsal-ba),
and often as Luminosity and Lucidity. Beautiful indications, I think. It is the
cognizing or knowing principle that matters – Awareness as such. You may say
that the empty essence is the heart of the matter, but without the knowing
principle you do nothing. In Dzogchen it is therefore emphasized that emptiness
must always be knowing, otherwise you will get negative interpretations of the
word ‘empty’ – from here many Vedantic prejudices against the Buddhists have
arisen. In my view, Buddhism only became a real direct path of
liberation when balance was found in China around the fifth century, by
recognizing that everything and everyone is not only empty (which was
the emphasis until then), but also has a true nature which is knowing. Dharmakshema,
translator of the Nirvana Sutra into Chinese, called it ‘Buddha-nature’
(fo xing) [4]: it concerns the inseparability of no-thought
(empty) and awareness (‘light-bestowing’) – in your actual presence.[5]
The
unity of empty essence and cognizing nature is the same as what in Advaita
Vedanta is called the ‘qualityless Absolute’. Apparently there are two
here, especially if you picture it, but in fact the concepts of empty and cognizing
together form the most complete and inclusive designation for the ineffability
of the Ultimate. They are respectively the negative and the positive way of
denoting, and thus they let you feel the Great Completeness immediately – the
idea of ‘two’ completely disappearing. This is how you descry Non-difference;
there really isn’t any difference to be found here.
This
is called Rigpa in Dzogchen, Empty Awareness. The inseparable unity of
No-thing and Knowing. You can consider Rigpa as the most important in
Dzogchen. The point that matters.
3.
The unity of No-knowledge and Knowing (or Emptiness
and Awareness) is consistently described as inseparable and uninterrupted,
allowing for an expression that is completely unobstructed (in Tibetan ’gags-med).
Because there is no obstruction or obstacle, the expression occurs immediately;
there is no such thing as a time difference yet – time arises precisely
here. In this approach there has never been a Fall.
The
third aspect entirely concerns this Expression of the Empty Awareness – that
is, its manifestation. An indication such as ‘the core of the matter’ can still
remain abstract, as some ‘knowledge’, but as soon as the core manifests
itself abstraction cannot remain. The Tibetan word for this aspect is thugs-rje.
In Dzogchen this term is interpreted as ‘capacity’, ‘resonance’,
‘responsiveness’ – and also ‘energy’. Thanks to the capacity of Awareness there
can be manifestation, presence, experience.
There
is in fact not yet any difference between Emptiness and Awareness, but as soon
as this Non-difference comes into manifestation, difference is born (and
time, and cause-and-effect), and with lightning speed there is also the
possibility of the difference between freedom and non-freedom, between reality
and illusion. As soon as you are, and experience, preference can
set in, and possibly a getting stuck. A moment ago there was still freedom, and
suddenly there is something that triggers, so that you can become completely
occupied, and glued to an emotionally tinted story. It feels like a primal
split, in which fortunately the question can arise again and again: What do I
really want? Do I want true freedom, or do I actually just want to take it easy
and have fun and pleasure?
Nisargadatta
Maharaj has devoted much of his teaching to clarifying this point of ‘the
manifest,’ which he often referred to as ‘I am’ or the birth principle. There
is no question here of a person or individual, but of experience-in-itself – in
which the primal split takes place, which is based on the chain of karmic
inclinations mentioned. I once sketched this primordial split in a circular
shape, like a pill with two halves.[6] Tulku Urgyen called it
a ‘fork in the road’.[7] Do you want to come to realization,
or do you leave it at that, and continue to live a life that essentially
amounts to non-realization?
When drawing the triangle, at a certain point I
decided to add the drawing of the crossroads circle. After all, once you start
expressing yourself, duality is a given. If there were only the essence, then
of course nothing needs to be investigated in order to arrive at liberation.
The essence, Empty Awareness, is always already free. There is nothing to
achieve in this. It is about realizing this naked Awareness in your
present existence, in the midst of your own expression, however confusing it
may be. Your thoughts and emotions must be seen through as nothing but a
temporary expression of your innate timeless nature. So: recognize the
empty essence within your thoughts and emotions.
With
the combination of triangle and circle you can show the connection between the
essence and its expression. On the drawing this is emphasized as a pair in
capital letters. Tulku Urgyen has spoken about this repeatedly, including the
crossroads character contained in the phrase:
“The only possibility of recognition lies in the
expression. The expression (rtsal) of this essence (ngo-bo)
can either know itself or not know itself, that is the whole importance of
knowledge – in Sanskrit, prajña, in Tibetan, sherab. It is said
that when the expression dawns as sherab, as knowledge – when the
expression knows its own nature – it is liberated, there is freedom. When the
expression moves as thought, as thinking, it is bewildered – there is delusion.
In this distinction lies the whole difference. In other words, whether the
expression is liberated as knowledge or confused as thinking is determined by
the practitioner knowing or not knowing his own nature.” [8]
To me, this is the core of all teaching. By
actually allowing this key point into your life, the karmic chain will be
broken. This emphasis contains the whole matter, completely and directly,
without any accumulated knowledge. May this emphasis, possibly with the help of
triangle & circle, work as a true stamp. May the stamp fall again and
again, brand new, at a receptive spot.
NOTES
1. Tulku Urgyen, As It Is, Vol. I (Rangjung Yeshe, Boudhanath 1999);
p. 75.
2. See, for example, As It Is, Vol. II (Rangjung Yeshe, Boudhanath, 2000);
p. 76.
3. ‘Simultaneous’ (Tibetan cig-car) is a term to indicate the
immediate nature of Dzogchen, so that the inseparability of the three aspects
can be seen at a glance. The triangle shows the coincidence of time and the
Timeless, in a visible form. On this showing the simultaneous in visible form,
see also Rolf Stein’s article in Sudden and Gradual (Peter Gregory, ed.,
University
of Hawaii Press, Honolulu,
1987). Herein, on p. 55, he quotes a passage pointing to the contrast between ‘plastic
arts’ as being instantaneous, ‘wherein everything is available to be seen at
once’, and literature and music, ‘which imply a succession of events’.
4. The monk Daosheng (Tao-sheng, 360-434) is credited as having been the
first to emphasize this point of immediate availability of Buddha-nature for everyone.
See Whalen Lai, ‘Tao-sheng’s Theory of Sudden Enlightenment Re-examined’, in Sudden
and Gradual (Peter Gregory, ed., University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1987); p. 169-200.
5. In the words of Tulku Urgyen: “Buddha-mind is the unity of being
empty and cognizant, utterly without fixation.” As It Is,
Vol. II; p. 189.
6. This pill is explained and depicted in ‘I’ is a Door (Zen
Publications, Mumbai, 2017); p. 54-59.
7. Tulku Urgyen, As It Is, Vol. II; p. 47 and 196-197.
8. Tulku Urgyen, As It Is, Vol. I; p. 146. See also p. 202; and in
Vol. II p. 47 and 168.